Orthosia cruda

Orthosia cruda, commonly known as the Small Quaker, is a moth belonging to the family Noctuidae. It is a relatively common species found throughout much of Europe, including the British Isles, and extending into parts of Asia.

Description: The Small Quaker is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan typically ranging from 30 to 36 millimeters. The forewings are generally a light to medium brown colour, often with a slightly reddish or greyish tinge. Characteristic markings include two darker transverse lines, an orbicular stigma (a circular marking), and a reniform stigma (a kidney-shaped marking). These markings can vary in prominence between individuals. The hindwings are usually a paler, greyish-brown. The body is also typically brown.

Habitat and Distribution: This moth is found in a wide variety of habitats, including woodlands, hedgerows, gardens, and other open areas. Its broad distribution is likely due to its relatively unfussy larval feeding habits.

Life Cycle: Orthosia cruda is a univoltine species, meaning it has one generation per year. Adult moths are typically on the wing in early spring, from March to May. The females lay their eggs on the leaves of various deciduous trees and shrubs. The larvae, which are green or brown caterpillars, feed on the foliage of these host plants. Common host plants include oak, birch, hawthorn, sallow, and various fruit trees. The larvae pupate in the soil, and the pupae overwinter before the adult moths emerge in the following spring.

Diet: The larvae are polyphagous, meaning they feed on a wide range of plants. The adult moths are nectar feeders.

Similar Species: The Small Quaker can be confused with other Orthosia species, such as Orthosia gothica (Hebrew Character) and Orthosia cerasi (Common Quaker). Careful examination of the wing markings and overall colouration is required for accurate identification.