Helvetii

The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe or tribal confederation dwelling in the territory of modern-day Switzerland during the Roman era. They are best known for their attempted migration into Gaul in 58 BC, which triggered the Gallic Wars under Julius Caesar.

Historically, the Helvetii are believed to have originated in southern Germany or the Black Forest region. Archaeological evidence and accounts from Roman writers, primarily Julius Caesar, suggest they migrated into the Swiss plateau sometime before the 1st century BC. They were divided into several pagi (cantons or districts), including the Tigurini, Verbigeni, and Tougeni. Caesar lists four pagi in total.

The Helvetii were known for their warlike nature and relative prosperity compared to other Celtic tribes. They engaged in trade with neighboring tribes and were capable of mustering a significant fighting force.

In 58 BC, under the leadership of Orgetorix, the Helvetii planned a large-scale migration westward into Gaul, seeking new and potentially more fertile lands. Orgetorix's ambitions ultimately led to his downfall and death before the migration began. Despite his demise, the Helvetii, under other leaders, proceeded with their plans.

Their migration brought them into conflict with Julius Caesar, who saw the Helvetian movement as a threat to Roman interests and the stability of Gaul. Caesar intercepted and decisively defeated the Helvetii at the Battle of Bibracte in 58 BC. Following their defeat, the Helvetii were forced to return to their original territory and were incorporated as allies (or more accurately, subjects) of Rome.

Under Roman rule, the Helvetii were gradually Romanized, adopting Roman customs, language, and institutions. Their territory became part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica and later, Germania Superior. The name "Helvetia" continued to be associated with the region, and it is from this tribal name that the modern Latin name for Switzerland, Confoederatio Helvetica, is derived. Furthermore, the abbreviation "CH" seen on Swiss license plates and in other official contexts, stands for Confoederatio Helvetica.