Pterygium

A pterygium (plural: pterygia) is a benign growth of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and lines the inside of the eyelids. It typically starts in the inner corner of the eye (near the nose) and can extend onto the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye.

Characteristics:

• A pterygium usually appears as a raised, fleshy, triangular-shaped tissue growth on the eye.
• It is often pink or red in color due to the presence of blood vessels.
• Pterygia are typically painless, but can cause irritation, redness, itching, and a gritty sensation.
• Larger pterygia can distort the shape of the cornea, leading to astigmatism and blurred vision.
• In advanced cases, a pterygium can grow over the pupil and obstruct vision.

Causes:

The exact cause of pterygia is not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute to their development:

• Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure: Prolonged exposure to sunlight is considered a major risk factor.
• Dry eye: Chronic dry eye may contribute to the development and progression of pterygia.
• Wind and dust: Exposure to wind and dust can irritate the eyes and increase the risk.
• Genetics: There may be a genetic predisposition to developing pterygia.

Treatment:

Treatment for pterygia depends on the severity of symptoms and the impact on vision.

• Lubricating eye drops and ointments: These can help relieve dryness and irritation.
• Topical corticosteroids: Mild steroid eye drops may be prescribed to reduce inflammation.
• Surgical removal: Surgery is considered when the pterygium is large, significantly affects vision, or causes persistent discomfort. Several surgical techniques are available, including:
  • Excision with conjunctival autograft: This involves removing the pterygium and grafting healthy conjunctival tissue from another part of the eye onto the affected area. This is considered the gold standard as it reduces the risk of recurrence.
  • Excision with amniotic membrane transplantation: This involves using amniotic membrane (from the placenta) to cover the surgical site.
  • Bare sclera technique: This involves simply removing the pterygium and leaving the sclera exposed to heal on its own. This technique has a higher recurrence rate than other methods.

Prevention:

• Protecting the eyes from UV light by wearing sunglasses and a hat when outdoors.
• Using artificial tears to keep the eyes lubricated, especially in dry or windy environments.
• Avoiding prolonged exposure to wind and dust.