Pólvora

Pólvora, also known as gunpowder, is an explosive mixture typically composed of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). It functions as a deflagrant, meaning it burns rapidly to produce a large volume of hot gas and solid residue. This rapid expansion of gases creates pressure that can be used to propel projectiles in firearms, launch fireworks, or initiate other explosive processes.

The precise proportions of the ingredients can vary depending on the intended use and the era of manufacture, but a common formula is approximately 75% potassium nitrate, 15% charcoal, and 10% sulfur by weight. Potassium nitrate acts as the oxidizer, providing oxygen for the rapid combustion of the fuel (charcoal and sulfur). Charcoal provides the carbon and acts as a fuel, while sulfur lowers the ignition temperature and increases the rate of combustion.

The history of pólvora dates back to ancient China, where it was initially used for medicinal purposes and in pyrotechnics. Its use in weaponry gradually spread westward, revolutionizing warfare from the medieval period onwards. The invention and refinement of gunpowder are considered significant milestones in the history of technology and military science. Different types of gunpowder exist, including black powder and smokeless powder, with varying compositions and performance characteristics. Modern explosives often utilize more powerful and stable compounds than traditional black powder, but the fundamental principles of rapid combustion and gas production remain central to their function. The term "pólvora" is commonly used in Spanish and Portuguese to refer to gunpowder.