Polypus
A polypus (plural: polypi or polyps) is a growth projecting from a mucous membrane. The term is descriptive only and does not imply anything about the nature of the growth itself. Polyps can occur in various locations throughout the body, most commonly in the colon, nasal passages, stomach, and uterus.
Characteristics
Polyps can vary in size, shape, and number. They can be sessile (flat-based) or pedunculated (attached by a stalk). Their appearance can range from smooth and rounded to irregular and cauliflower-like. Some polyps are microscopic, while others can be several centimeters in diameter.
Causes
The causes of polyp formation are diverse and depend on the location. Some polyps are benign, caused by inflammation or non-cancerous cell growth. Others are precancerous, meaning they have the potential to develop into cancer over time. Genetic factors can also play a role in the development of certain types of polyps, such as those found in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Still other polyps can be related to chronic irritation or infection.
Symptoms
Many polyps are asymptomatic and are discovered during routine screenings or examinations for other conditions. When symptoms do occur, they vary depending on the location and size of the polyp. Potential symptoms include:
- Bleeding (e.g., rectal bleeding with colon polyps, nasal bleeding with nasal polyps)
- Changes in bowel habits (e.g., diarrhea, constipation)
- Abdominal pain
- Nasal congestion
- Postnasal drip
- Infertility (with uterine polyps)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves a visual examination of the affected area, often with the aid of specialized instruments. Common diagnostic methods include:
- Colonoscopy (for colon polyps)
- Nasal endoscopy (for nasal polyps)
- Hysteroscopy (for uterine polyps)
- Upper endoscopy (for stomach polyps)
- Biopsy (to determine the nature of the polyp cells)
Treatment
The treatment for polyps depends on their location, size, and nature (benign or precancerous). Removal is often recommended, especially for polyps that are causing symptoms or have the potential to become cancerous. Common treatment options include:
- Polypectomy (surgical removal of the polyp during colonoscopy, endoscopy, or hysteroscopy)
- Surgical resection (for larger or more complex polyps)
- Medications (to manage symptoms or underlying conditions contributing to polyp formation)
Prognosis
The prognosis for individuals with polyps varies depending on the type of polyp, its location, and whether it is benign or precancerous. Early detection and removal of precancerous polyps can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer. Regular screening is often recommended for individuals at increased risk of developing polyps, such as those with a family history of polyps or colon cancer.