Oncovirus

An oncovirus, also known as a tumor virus, is a virus that can cause cancer. This capacity to induce tumors is achieved through various mechanisms, often by inserting their genetic material into the host cell's DNA, disrupting normal cell growth regulation and leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Not all infections with an oncovirus result in cancer; factors such as the host's immune system, genetic predisposition, and environmental exposures play significant roles in determining whether a tumor will develop.

Oncoviruses can be either DNA or RNA viruses. DNA oncoviruses typically transform cells by integrating their DNA into the host's genome, potentially disrupting tumor suppressor genes or activating oncogenes. RNA oncoviruses (retroviruses) employ reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into the host's DNA. This integration can also disrupt normal cellular processes, leading to cellular transformation.

The study of oncoviruses has been crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development. Identification of these viruses has led to the development of preventative vaccines and targeted therapies for certain cancers. Understanding how oncoviruses interact with the host cell also provides valuable insights into normal cell growth and differentiation processes.