John Bull (American Revolution)

John Bull was a national personification of Great Britain, particularly England, frequently used in political cartoons and satirical works during the American Revolution and throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. He is typically depicted as a stout, middle-aged or elderly, well-fed man, often wearing a Union Jack waistcoat and a top hat. His appearance is intended to represent a prosperous, practical, and somewhat stubborn Englishman.

During the American Revolution, John Bull became a popular figure in American propaganda. He was often portrayed negatively, embodying perceived British arrogance, greed, and oppression towards the American colonies. Cartoonists frequently depicted him as unfairly taxing the colonists, ignoring their grievances, and acting in a heavy-handed manner. Images of John Bull trampling on colonial rights or being outwitted by American figures like Benjamin Franklin were common.

Conversely, British artists often portrayed John Bull as a figure of strength and resolve, defending British interests against rebellious colonists. He symbolized the might of the British Empire and the perceived righteousness of their cause.

The use of John Bull as a symbol allowed both sides to simplify complex political issues and appeal to patriotic sentiments. By personifying Great Britain, it made it easier to demonize or idealize the opposing side and rally support for their respective causes. While the specific representations varied depending on the artist's or writer's perspective, John Bull served as a powerful and recognizable symbol throughout the Revolution, contributing to the narrative and shaping public opinion on both sides of the Atlantic. The image persisted long after the Revolution, continuing to represent Great Britain in political commentary.