Ectropa

Ectropion is a medical condition characterized by the eversion (outward turning) of the eyelid, typically the lower eyelid. This malposition exposes the palpebral conjunctiva (the inner lining of the eyelid) and the bulbar conjunctiva (covering the sclera, or white of the eye), making them more vulnerable to irritation, dryness, and infection.

Causes:

Several factors can contribute to the development of ectropion:

• Involutional Ectropion: This is the most common type and results from age-related weakening of the eyelid tissues and muscles, particularly the lower eyelid retractor muscles. Loss of elasticity in the skin and stretching of the tendons can also contribute.
• Paralytic Ectropion: This occurs due to paralysis of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which controls the orbicularis oculi muscle responsible for eyelid closure. Bell's palsy is a common cause of facial nerve paralysis.
• Cicatricial Ectropion: This results from scarring or contraction of the skin and tissues around the eyelid, pulling it outward. Causes include burns, trauma, surgery, and skin diseases.
• Mechanical Ectropion: This is caused by a physical mass or tumor on the eyelid that pushes it outward.
• Congenital Ectropion: This is a rare condition present at birth, usually associated with other congenital facial abnormalities.

Symptoms:

Common symptoms of ectropion include:

• Dry eye and irritation
• Excessive tearing (epiphora), as the tear drainage system is disrupted
• Redness and inflammation of the conjunctiva
• Burning or gritty sensation in the eye
• Sensitivity to light and wind
• Chronic conjunctivitis
• Corneal irritation or ulceration (in severe cases)

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis is typically made through a physical examination of the eyelid and surrounding structures. The doctor will assess the eyelid position, muscle tone, skin condition, and tear drainage.

Treatment:

Treatment options depend on the cause and severity of the ectropion.

• Artificial Tears and Lubricating Ointments: These can help alleviate dryness and irritation.
• Antibiotic Ointments: May be prescribed to treat secondary infections.
• Surgery: Surgical correction is often necessary to restore proper eyelid position and function. Surgical techniques vary depending on the underlying cause and may involve tightening the eyelid muscles and tendons, skin grafts, or other reconstructive procedures. The goal is to reposition the eyelid margin against the globe of the eye, protecting the ocular surface.