Driglam namzha

Driglam namzha (དྲི་གླམ་རྣམ་བཞག) is a 17th-century code of conduct and traditional etiquette formalized in Bhutan. It translates roughly as "discipline of behavior," "rules of respect and order," or "customs and decorum." Introduced by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the founder of Bhutan, it is a set of rules governing how citizens should behave in public spaces, offices, and monastic institutions.

Driglam namzha encompasses a wide range of practices, including:

• Dress Code: Dictates specific clothing to be worn on formal occasions, reflecting social status and regional identity. This often includes the gho for men and the kira for women.
• Speech: Prescribes respectful forms of address and communication depending on the person being addressed (e.g., monks, elders, government officials).
• Physical Posture and Demeanor: Emphasizes proper posture, gestures, and overall conduct to demonstrate respect and maintain harmony.
• Social Interactions: Governs interactions at social gatherings and public events, including seating arrangements, serving food, and gift-giving.
• Architectural Styles: Influences traditional Bhutanese architecture, promoting consistency and aesthetic principles in building design.

While elements of Driglam namzha have been relaxed in modern Bhutan, particularly regarding dress codes in schools and workplaces, it remains an important part of Bhutanese cultural identity and is often observed during formal occasions, religious ceremonies, and official events. It is considered an essential part of Bhutan's efforts to preserve its unique cultural heritage amidst globalization. The principles of respect, order, and harmony that underpin Driglam namzha are still highly valued and actively promoted.