Brake (carriage)
A brake, in the context of a carriage or other horse-drawn vehicle, is a mechanism used to slow or stop the vehicle. Brakes were essential for safety and control, particularly when descending hills or navigating uneven terrain.
Function and Operation:
Carriage brakes typically operate by applying friction to the wheels. Common types included:
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Spoon Brakes: These consisted of a metal “spoon” or shoe that was pressed down onto the tire of the wheel. The friction between the spoon and the tire slowed the wheel's rotation. Spoon brakes were often operated by a lever within reach of the driver.
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Band Brakes: These used a band of metal or other durable material that tightened around a drum attached to the wheel. Activating the brake lever caused the band to constrict, generating friction and slowing the wheel.
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Block Brakes: Similar to spoon brakes, block brakes used a shaped block of material pressed against the wheel.
Materials:
The materials used in carriage brakes varied. Metal was crucial for the primary components, such as the spoon, band, or block. Levers and linkages were also made of metal, offering durability and strength. Friction surfaces might have been made of iron, steel, or even leather in some cases, depending on the type of brake and the available technology. Wood might be used for handles or parts of the mounting system.
Maintenance:
Carriage brakes required regular maintenance to ensure proper function. This included inspecting the friction surfaces for wear, lubricating moving parts, and adjusting the brake mechanism to maintain optimal braking power. Worn brake parts would need to be replaced to prevent accidents.
Historical Context:
The development of effective carriage brakes was a crucial step in improving the safety and practicality of horse-drawn transportation. Prior to reliable brakes, controlling a carriage on steep slopes was extremely dangerous. As roads improved and carriages became more sophisticated, the design and effectiveness of carriage brakes also evolved.