Beste (Turkish music)

A beste (pronounced [ˈbeste]) is a complex and sophisticated vocal form in Turkish classical music. It is one of the major forms (along with ağır semai, şarkı, and kâr), often characterized by its length, melodic development, and poetic content. Bestes typically consist of multiple sections (hane, mülazime, terennüm) which are sung alternately by a soloist or ensemble.

The poetry used in a beste is usually in classical Ottoman Turkish and deals with themes of love, longing, and philosophical contemplation. The musical structure is highly formalized, following specific usul (rhythmic cycles) and makam (melodic modes). Composers of bestes are highly regarded, as the form demands considerable skill in both composition and the interpretation of poetic nuances.

The hane sections present new melodic and textual material, while the mülazime functions as a refrain, returning throughout the piece. The terennüm, if present, is a more improvisational and ornamental section, often wordless or utilizing vocables.

Compared to other forms like the şarkı, the beste typically occupies a more prominent and prestigious position within the Turkish classical music repertoire, often showcasing the composer's and performer's virtuosity and depth of musical knowledge. The term can also sometimes be used more generally to refer to a composed piece of music, although this usage is less precise.