Armida (Rossini)
Armida is an opera in three acts by Gioachino Rossini to an Italian libretto by Giovanni Schmidt, based on episodes from Torquato Tasso's epic poem Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered). It was first performed at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples on 11 November 1817.
Background and Composition:
Armida was commissioned by the Teatro San Carlo, one of the most prestigious opera houses in Italy. Rossini composed the opera specifically for Isabella Colbran, his future wife, who was the prima donna of the theatre at the time. The libretto focuses on the character of Armida, a sorceress, and her attempts to seduce and defeat the crusader knight Rinaldo. The opera is known for its demanding vocal writing, particularly for the role of Armida, and its elaborate stage spectacle, a hallmark of Neapolitan opera at the time.
Roles:
- Armida: Soprano
- Rinaldo: Tenor
- Goffredo (Godfrey of Bouillon): Tenor
- Eustazio (Eustace): Tenor
- Idreno (Hidraot): Tenor
- Astarotte: Bass
- Two Sirens: Sopranos
- Ubaldo: Tenor
- Carlo: Tenor
Synopsis:
The opera tells the story of Armida, a powerful sorceress who uses her beauty and magic to distract the crusaders from their mission to liberate Jerusalem. She captures Rinaldo, the bravest of the knights, and holds him captive in her enchanted garden, where she tries to seduce him. Despite her efforts, Rinaldo is eventually rescued by his fellow knights, Carlo and Ubaldo, who remind him of his duty. He abandons Armida, who curses him and vows revenge before disappearing in a fiery chariot.
Musical Features:
Armida is notable for its extended and challenging vocal writing, especially for the title role. Rossini composed dazzling coloratura passages and dramatic recitatives to showcase Colbran's vocal prowess. The opera also features elaborate ensembles, including trios, quartets, and choruses. The score incorporates elements of both opera seria and opera buffa, reflecting Rossini's mastery of both styles. The ballet music, integrated into the opera's plot, is also significant.
Performance History:
Armida was initially successful in Naples but gradually fell out of the standard repertoire. It experienced a revival in the 20th century, spurred by singers such as Maria Callas and Renée Fleming, who tackled the demanding title role. Modern productions have sought to emphasize the opera's dramatic power and vocal brilliance.
Significance:
Armida is considered one of Rossini's most ambitious and dramatically compelling operas. It showcases his talent for writing vocally challenging music and creating vivid theatrical effects. The opera's themes of love, duty, and betrayal continue to resonate with audiences today. The work is a significant example of early 19th-century Italian opera and contributes to our understanding of Rossini's development as a composer.