Zoelae

The Zoelae were an ancient pre-Roman tribe inhabiting the mountainous region of what is now northeastern Portugal and northwestern Spain, specifically the area encompassing parts of modern-day Trás-os-Montes and León. They are mentioned by classical authors such as Pliny the Elder, who identifies them among the populi of Hispania Tarraconensis.

Their economic activities likely revolved around agriculture and livestock raising, adapted to the rugged terrain they occupied. Evidence suggests the Zoelae were skilled in metalworking.

The Zoelae maintained a distinct cultural identity until their assimilation into the Roman Empire. Romanization likely occurred gradually, involving the adoption of Roman customs, language (Latin), and administrative structures. The extent to which they maintained pre-Roman traditions and beliefs after integration remains a subject of historical investigation. Archaeological finds in the region, including inscriptions and material culture, provide valuable insights into their way of life and interactions with the Roman world.