Xu (state)

The State of Xu (許國) was a small, ancient Chinese state that existed during the Zhou Dynasty, primarily in the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BCE). It was located in what is now Henan province, centered around the city of Xuchang (許昌).

Xu was founded by descendants of the legendary Emperor Yao, specifically Yu (禹), who was credited with controlling the Great Flood. These descendants were enfeoffed (granted land and titles) by the Zhou kings. The rulers of Xu bore the surname Jiang (姜).

As a relatively small state situated among larger and more powerful entities like the states of Chu, Zheng, and Jin, Xu frequently found itself caught in the conflicts and alliances of the era. Its geographical position made it vulnerable to incursions and political maneuvering.

Throughout its history, Xu maintained a degree of independence, but faced constant pressure from its neighbors. It often shifted its allegiance between different powers in an attempt to preserve its sovereignty. However, in 576 BCE, the state of Zheng annexed Xu.

The people of Xu, dispersed by the state's annexation, adopted Xu as their surname. This explains the prevalence of the Xu surname today. The fall of Xu marked the end of the independent state, but its legacy continued through its people and their descendants.