Typometry (archaeology)

Typometry, in archaeology, refers to the systematic measurement and statistical analysis of artifact types to identify patterns and variations within assemblages. It is a quantitative approach used to classify, compare, and interpret artifacts based on their measurable attributes (e.g., length, width, thickness, weight, angle). The goal of typometry is to understand chronological changes, regional variations, functional differences, and technological developments in past societies.

Typometry typically involves the following steps:

• Attribute Selection: Identifying and selecting the most relevant measurable attributes of the artifact type being studied. This selection is crucial as it directly influences the results and interpretation.
• Data Collection: Precisely measuring the selected attributes on a sample of artifacts. Accuracy and consistency in measurement are paramount.
• Statistical Analysis: Applying statistical methods (e.g., descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, cluster analysis, principal component analysis) to analyze the collected data. These analyses help identify statistically significant differences or patterns within the artifact sample.
• Interpretation: Interpreting the statistical results in the context of archaeological questions. This may involve relating variations in artifact dimensions to changes in raw material availability, manufacturing techniques, social organization, or functional requirements.

The use of typometry allows archaeologists to move beyond subjective descriptions and create a more objective and rigorous understanding of artifact variability. It can be particularly useful for identifying subtle chronological changes in artifact styles or distinguishing between artifacts produced by different social groups. While powerful, typometry's effectiveness depends on the careful selection of attributes, the quality of the data collected, and the appropriate application of statistical methods. Furthermore, statistical patterns need to be interpreted within a broader archaeological context, considering factors such as site location, stratigraphic relationships, and associated artifacts.