Riyasat

A Riyasat (रियासत) is a term of South Asian origin, primarily used during the period of British India, to denote a princely state. These were autonomous or semi-autonomous entities ruled by a local ruler, typically styled as a Raja, Rana, Nawab, or Thakur, but under the indirect rule of the British Crown.

The term is derived from the Arabic word riyasa, meaning "rule" or "leadership." Riyasats varied significantly in size, population, revenue, and degree of autonomy granted by the British. Some were vast and powerful, controlling substantial territories and maintaining their own armies, while others were small and relatively insignificant.

The relationship between the British government and the Riyasats was governed by subsidiary alliances and treaties, which allowed the British to exercise control over their foreign policy, defense, and sometimes internal affairs. In return, the British guaranteed the rulers' protection against internal rebellion and external aggression.

Following the Partition of India in 1947, the Riyasats were given the option to accede to either India or Pakistan. Most chose to join India, although a few, such as Hyderabad and Jammu & Kashmir, initially hesitated. Ultimately, all Riyasats were integrated into the newly independent nations, either through peaceful negotiation or, in some cases, through military action. The rulers were largely stripped of their political power, although many continued to enjoy privileges and maintained a significant social influence for many years after.