Bārûtu

Bārûtu, also known as extispicy or hepatoscopy, was a divinatory practice prevalent in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly during the Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, and Neo-Assyrian periods. It involved examining the entrails, primarily the liver, gall bladder, and lungs, of sacrificial animals (typically sheep) to discern the will of the gods and predict future events.

The practice was performed by a specialized priest or diviner called a bārû, hence the term bārûtu which refers to the art, craft, and body of knowledge associated with this form of divination. The bārû underwent rigorous training and possessed extensive knowledge of omens, correspondences, and symbolic meanings associated with different anatomical features and any anomalies observed.

The liver was considered a microcosm of the universe, its various parts representing different aspects of the cosmos and human affairs. The bārû would meticulously examine the liver's shape, size, color, and any markings, spots, or abnormalities. These observations were then compared to established omen texts and models (liver models made of clay are archaeological finds) to interpret their significance. The position and appearance of the gall bladder, lungs, and other organs were also taken into consideration.

The interpretations derived from bārûtu were used to make decisions regarding a wide range of matters, including military campaigns, political appointments, building projects, agricultural activities, and personal affairs. Rulers heavily relied on bārûtu to ensure the success of their endeavors and maintain favor with the gods.

While bārûtu was a prominent feature of Mesopotamian religion and culture, its practice and interpretation required specialized knowledge and were accessible only to a select group of trained professionals. The elaborate system of omens and interpretations was meticulously documented in cuneiform texts, demonstrating the importance and systematization of this divinatory art.