William Perkins (theologian)

William Perkins (1558-1602) was a prominent English Puritan theologian and clergyman of the Elizabethan era. He is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of Puritan theology and piety.

Life and Education:

Born in Marston Jabbett, Warwickshire, Perkins studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he earned his BA in 1581 and MA in 1584. He was initially known for a rather dissolute lifestyle but underwent a profound conversion experience that dramatically changed the course of his life.

Ministry:

After graduating, Perkins became a fellow of Christ's College and lectured there before being appointed preacher at St. Andrew the Great Church in Cambridge, a position he held until his death. He was a highly effective and popular preacher known for his direct and practical style.

Theology:

Perkins's theology was deeply rooted in Calvinistic principles, emphasizing the sovereignty of God, the depravity of humanity, and the necessity of divine grace for salvation. He stressed the importance of personal piety and practical application of faith to daily life. Some key aspects of his theology include:

• Covenant Theology: Perkins played a significant role in developing covenant theology, emphasizing God's covenant of grace with humanity through Christ.
• Preparationism: While believing in the irresistibility of grace, Perkins advocated for the importance of "preparation" for conversion, which involved diligent self-examination, repentance, and seeking God. This concept, although controversial, significantly influenced Puritan preaching and self-understanding.
• Casuistry: Perkins was a pioneer in applying theological principles to specific moral and ethical dilemmas. His works on casuistry, providing practical guidance on resolving conscience issues, were highly influential.
• Assurance of Salvation: Perkins addressed the issue of assurance of salvation, recognizing the anxieties believers faced. He emphasized the importance of self-examination and fruits of faith as evidences of genuine conversion.

Major Works:

Perkins was a prolific writer, and his works were widely read and translated into multiple languages. Some of his most important works include:

• A Golden Chain, or The Description of Theology (1591) - A systematic presentation of his theological views.
• Armilla Aurea (1590) - Another influential work on theology.
• Cases of Conscience (published posthumously, 1604) - A practical guide to moral and ethical decision-making.
• A Treatise of God's Free Grace and Man's Free Will (1600) - Addressed the complex relationship between divine sovereignty and human responsibility.
• The Art of Prophesying (1592) - Provided guidance for preachers on effective sermon preparation and delivery.
• Christian Economy: A Short Treatise Touching the Right Manner of Erecting and Ordering a Family According to the Scriptures (1590) - Addressed family life and its ordering according to biblical principles.

Legacy:

William Perkins had a profound and lasting impact on Puritanism and subsequent Reformed theology. His emphasis on practical piety, covenant theology, and casuistry influenced generations of ministers and theologians. His writings continue to be studied and appreciated for their insights into Reformed theology and practical Christianity.