Untouchable (novel)

Untouchable is a 1935 novel by Mulk Raj Anand. It is a pioneering work of Indian English literature, and a prominent example of social realism focusing on the themes of caste discrimination and the plight of the Dalits, formerly known as "untouchables," within the Indian caste system.

The novel follows a single day in the life of Bakha, a young sweeper from the lowest rung of the social hierarchy. Through Bakha's experiences, Anand exposes the dehumanizing effects of untouchability and the social, economic, and psychological constraints placed upon members of the Dalit community. Bakha struggles with his assigned role and dreams of escaping the caste system, considering various potential paths to liberation, including conversion to Christianity or embracing Gandhi's reformist ideals.

Untouchable is notable for its unflinching portrayal of the realities of untouchability, using graphic descriptions of the tasks Bakha must perform and the indignities he suffers. Anand aimed to raise awareness of the injustice of the caste system and advocate for social reform. The novel reflects the influence of Western modernist literature and leftist political thought. Its publication marked a significant moment in Indian literature and contributed to the growing debate on social justice and equality in pre-independence India.