Timeline of Portuguese history (Third Dynasty)

The Third Dynasty of Portugal, also known as the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Dinastia de Bragança), reigned from 1640 to 1910. It began with the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain and ended with the establishment of the Portuguese First Republic.

• 1640: The Portuguese Restoration War begins. John IV, Duke of Braganza, is acclaimed King of Portugal, ending the Iberian Union.
• 1640-1668: Portuguese Restoration War continues. Portugal battles Spain to secure its independence.
• 1661: Marriage treaty between Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of John IV. Portugal cedes Tangier and Bombay to England as part of the dowry.
• 1668: Treaty of Lisbon formally recognizes Portuguese independence by Spain.
• 1683: Death of Afonso VI; Pedro II becomes king.
• 1703: Methuen Treaty signed with England, establishing preferential trade relations and solidifying the alliance between the two countries.
• 1704-1715: Portugal participates in the War of the Spanish Succession, allied with the Grand Alliance against France and Spain.
• 1706: John V ascends to the throne. His reign is marked by increased absolutism and economic prosperity due to Brazilian gold.
• 1750: Joseph I becomes king. The Marquis of Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, becomes his chief minister and implements significant reforms.
• 1755: The Great Lisbon earthquake devastates the city. Pombal leads the reconstruction efforts, implementing urban planning principles.
• 1759: The Jesuit Order is expelled from Portugal and its colonies.
• 1777: Maria I becomes Queen. Pombal is dismissed from his position.
• 1792: Maria I is declared mentally unfit to rule. Prince John (later John VI) becomes Prince Regent.
• 1807: Napoleon's forces invade Portugal, prompting the Royal Family to flee to Brazil, establishing Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire.
• 1808-1814: Peninsular War. British and Portuguese forces, led by the Duke of Wellington, fight against the French.
• 1815: Brazil is elevated to the status of a kingdom, united with Portugal and Algarve to form the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
• 1820: Liberal Revolution in Portugal demands the return of the Royal Family and a constitutional monarchy.
• 1821: John VI returns to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro as Regent of Brazil.
• 1822: Brazil declares its independence, with Pedro becoming Emperor Pedro I of Brazil.
• 1826: John VI dies. Pedro I of Brazil briefly becomes King Pedro IV of Portugal, abdicating in favor of his daughter Maria II.
• 1828-1834: Liberal Wars, a civil war between supporters of Maria II (constitutionalists) and her uncle Miguel (absolutists).
• 1834: Miguel is defeated and exiled. Maria II is restored to the throne.
• 1853: Pedro V becomes King.
• 1861: Luís I ascends to the throne.
• 1889: Carlos I becomes King. His reign is marked by political instability and growing republican sentiment.
• 1908: King Carlos I and his heir, Prince Luís Filipe, are assassinated in Lisbon. Manuel II, Carlos I's younger son, becomes King.
• 1910: The 5 October Revolution overthrows the monarchy, and Manuel II is deposed. The Portuguese First Republic is proclaimed. The Third Dynasty of Portugal comes to an end.