Skolion

A skolion (Greek: σκόλιον, plural σκόλια, skolia; Latin: scolium, plural scolia) was a type of lyric poem or song performed at banquets in ancient Greece, particularly at symposia (drinking parties). It was characterized by its improvised nature, its wit, and its often topical or satirical content.

Skolia differed from more formal choral odes in several significant ways. Primarily, they were intended for solo performance, passed around from guest to guest. The performer would receive a lyre or other instrument, sing their skolion, and then pass the instrument to another guest, often chosen at random or through some game. This element of improvisation and spontaneity was key to the form's character.

The themes of skolia were diverse, ranging from patriotic and heroic sentiments to love, friendship, wine, and mockery of other guests. They were often adapted to the specific occasion and the individuals present, contributing to a lighthearted and convivial atmosphere. Many skolia were also didactic, containing moral lessons or philosophical reflections.

The meters and melodies of skolia were relatively simple and adaptable, further facilitating improvisation. While some skolia were newly composed, others were variations on existing popular songs or well-known sayings, adapted to suit the specific context.

Fragmentary texts of skolia survive, preserved in literary sources and inscriptions. These fragments offer valuable insights into the social and cultural life of ancient Greece, particularly the customs and values associated with the symposium. Notable composers of skolia include Alcaeus and Praxilla. The term scolia also refers to marginal explanatory notes or commentaries found in ancient manuscripts. However, in the context of Greek literature, "skolion" generally refers to the banquet song.