Samanera

A Samanera (Pali: sāmaṇera; Sanskrit: śrāmaṇera) is a novice male monastic in Buddhism. The term generally refers to a male person who has taken preliminary vows in order to become a bhikkhu (fully ordained monk), but who is not yet old enough (usually 20 years of age) or ready for full ordination.

The female equivalent is a Samaneri.

Etymology and Meaning

The word Samanera is derived from the Pali word sāmaṇera and the Sanskrit word śrāmaṇera, both meaning "little ascetic" or "young ascetic." The root of the word relates to the act of striving or making effort, reflecting the aspirant's dedication to the monastic path.

Requirements and Vows

Typically, a boy can become a Samanera around the age of seven or eight. This age may vary depending on the specific tradition and monastery. Before ordination, the aspiring Samanera must receive permission from his parents or guardians. The ordination ceremony involves shaving the head, donning monastic robes (usually saffron or maroon), and taking the "Ten Precepts" (dasa sīla).

The Ten Precepts are:

1. To abstain from taking life.
2. To abstain from stealing.
3. To abstain from unchastity (sexual activity).
4. To abstain from lying.
5. To abstain from intoxicants.
6. To abstain from taking food at unseasonable times (after noon).
7. To abstain from dancing, singing, music, and shows.
8. To abstain from wearing garlands, using perfumes, and beautifying the body.
9. To abstain from using high and luxurious seats.
10. To abstain from accepting gold and silver (money).

These precepts are more extensive than the Five Precepts observed by lay Buddhists.

Role and Responsibilities

Samaneras live in monasteries and are expected to study the Buddhist scriptures, practice meditation, and perform various tasks around the monastery. They are guided by their preceptor (upajjhaya) and other senior monks. They are considered part of the monastic community (Sangha) and are supported by the lay community through donations of food and other necessities.

Progression to Bhikkhu

After a period of training and when they reach the required age (usually 20), Samaneras may choose to undergo full ordination and become bhikkhus. The full ordination ceremony is more complex and involves taking more detailed vows. However, a Samanera is not obligated to become a bhikkhu and can remain a Samanera for their entire life, or can choose to return to lay life.

Significance

The Samanera ordination provides an opportunity for young men to experience monastic life, study the Buddha's teachings, and cultivate virtue. It serves as an important step on the path to full ordination and spiritual development within the Buddhist tradition. It also helps to ensure the continuation of the monastic lineage and the preservation of Buddhist teachings.