Philip Lawson (composer)

Tonality, in music, refers to the system of organizing pitches around a central note, called the tonic. This creates a sense of key and harmonic relationships, providing a framework for musical structure and expression. The concept of tonality is central to Western music from the Baroque period onward, although its characteristics and applications have evolved considerably over time.

Different approaches to tonality exist:

• Major and minor: The most fundamental distinction in Western tonality, based on the characteristic intervals of major and minor scales. Major keys generally evoke feelings of happiness or brightness, while minor keys often convey sadness or darkness. However, this is a generalization, and emotional effect is heavily dependent on context.

• Diatonic Harmony: The use of chords and scales derived from a single diatonic scale, creating a sense of coherence and stability within a tonal center. The relationships between chords within a diatonic system are predictable and well-understood.

• Chromaticism: The use of notes outside the diatonic scale, adding color and complexity to the harmony. While chromatic notes can create tension and dissonance, they typically resolve back to the tonic, reaffirming the tonal center. The degree of chromaticism can vary widely, from subtle alterations to highly dissonant passages.

• Modal Tonality: Prior to the establishment of major/minor tonality, Western music was largely modal. Modes are variations of the diatonic scale, each with its own characteristic melodic and harmonic flavor. Modal tonality often features a less defined sense of key compared to major/minor tonality.

• Atonality and Post-Tonal Music: In the 20th century, composers began to move away from traditional tonality, exploring atonality (absence of a tonal center) and post-tonality (using techniques that depart from traditional tonal principles but retain some tonal characteristics). These styles often challenge the listener's sense of harmonic expectation.

The perception and understanding of tonality can be influenced by cultural background, musical training, and individual preferences. The evolution of tonality reflects broader shifts in musical aesthetics and compositional practices. Analyzing tonality involves identifying the tonic, the harmonic progressions, and the overall sense of key throughout a piece of music.