Mastaba

A mastaba is an ancient Egyptian tomb structure characterized by its rectangular shape, flat roof, sloping sides, and subterranean burial chamber. These structures were prominent during the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Mastabas served as the final resting place for pharaohs and other high-ranking officials. The above-ground structure, typically constructed of mudbrick or stone, served as a "house of eternity" and contained offering chapels and storage rooms for provisions intended for the deceased in the afterlife.

The subterranean burial chamber, accessed via a shaft, housed the sarcophagus and other burial goods. As societal and architectural complexities increased, mastabas evolved and eventually served as the architectural foundation for the development of the pyramids. Specifically, the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara can be seen as a progression from the mastaba form, with stacked mastaba-like levels creating a pyramid structure.

Over time, mastabas became more elaborate, featuring multiple chambers and intricate decorations. They provide valuable insights into ancient Egyptian beliefs about death, the afterlife, and social hierarchy.