Kuélap

Kuélap is a pre-Columbian walled settlement located in the northern Andes of Peru, in the Amazonas Region. Belonging to the Chachapoyas culture, Kuélap is situated on a limestone ridge overlooking the Utcubamba Valley. Often referred to as a "fortress," its purpose was likely more complex than a simple defensive structure, potentially serving as a ceremonial center and residential area for an elite population.

The site dates primarily from the Late Intermediate Period (c. 500-1450 CE) and was likely occupied until the Inca conquest in the 15th century. Construction of the massive walls and internal structures began around the 6th century CE and continued for several hundred years.

Kuélap is characterized by its impressive defensive walls, some reaching up to 20 meters in height. The walls enclose three distinct sectors: the Upper Town, the Lower Town, and the El Castillo (also known as the Major Temple). Within these sectors are hundreds of circular stone structures, believed to have been dwellings and storage facilities. The site also features intricate stone carvings and decorations.

The main entrances to Kuélap are narrow passageways that force visitors to enter single file, enhancing its defensive capabilities. The most impressive entrance is the Main Entrance, a narrow, fortified passageway.

Kuélap is significant for its scale, sophisticated construction techniques, and the information it provides about the Chachapoyas culture, about whom little is known from written sources. The site has been undergoing archaeological investigation and restoration work to preserve its integrity and promote tourism. Despite its remote location, Kuélap has become an increasingly popular tourist destination, accessible by cable car and road.