Knights and Knaves (board game)

Knights and Knaves is a logic puzzle, often presented as a verbal or written challenge, where the solver must deduce the identity of individuals based on their statements and known characteristics. The puzzle typically involves two types of people:

• Knights: Who always tell the truth.
• Knaves: Who always lie.

The goal is to determine whether a person encountered is a knight or a knave by carefully analyzing their statements and any relationships between them. The puzzles are often set on an island or in a specific location to give the setting context. More advanced versions of the puzzle may introduce additional characters with unknown natures, such as "normals" who can either lie or tell the truth, or introduce additional rules or complexities to the statements being made. The puzzles rely heavily on propositional logic and deductive reasoning. Variations exist, sometimes involving more than two types of individuals or different truth-telling rules. The origin of this type of puzzle is generally attributed to logician Raymond Smullyan, who popularized them in his books, though similar logic problems existed beforehand.