John Holker (Jacobite)

John Holker (1719-1786) was an English Jacobite, industrial spy, and later, a French manufacturer and government official. Born in Stretford, Lancashire, he became involved in the Jacobite cause during the 1745 rising, fighting in the Manchester Regiment in support of Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie").

Following the defeat of the Jacobite forces at Culloden in 1746, Holker fled to France, avoiding capture and prosecution. In France, he leveraged his knowledge of English manufacturing techniques, particularly in textiles, to the benefit of the French economy.

He is most notable for his industrial espionage activities. Holker traveled back to England, disguised as a simple worker, to gather information about advanced British textile machinery and production methods. He then smuggled skilled workers and technical blueprints back to France, playing a significant role in the development of the French cotton industry and helping France to compete with England in textile production.

After revealing himself and swearing allegiance to the French crown, Holker was ennobled and held various positions in the French government, including Inspector General of Manufactures. He was instrumental in introducing new manufacturing techniques and improving the quality of French goods. He also played a role in developing French military manufacturing.

Holker's contributions to French industry and his earlier Jacobite affiliations are often seen as paradoxical, but they highlight his ambition and his willingness to use his skills and knowledge to achieve his goals, regardless of national allegiances. He is considered a significant figure in the history of industrial espionage and Franco-British economic rivalry.