Farnesene
Farnesene is a naturally occurring acyclic sesquiterpene. It exists as several isomers, with α-farnesene and β-farnesene being the most common. These isomers differ in the position of their double bonds.
Occurrence: Farnesenes are found in a variety of plant sources, including apples (particularly in the peel), citrus fruits, and various other fruits and plants. β-Farnesene, in particular, is produced by some insects as an alarm pheromone.
Properties: Farnesenes are volatile compounds, meaning they easily evaporate and contribute to the scent of the plants and fruits in which they are found. They are known for their distinctive aromas, which can range from sweet and fruity to slightly green or woody, depending on the specific isomer and concentration.
Uses: Farnesenes have a range of potential applications:
- Flavor and Fragrance: Due to their aroma, farnesenes are used in the flavor and fragrance industry.
- Insecticide and Repellent: β-Farnesene's role as an insect alarm pheromone has led to research into its potential use as an insecticide or insect repellent.
- Polymer Precursor: Farnesenes can be polymerized to create various polymers, including synthetic rubber-like materials. This is an area of active research for sustainable material development.
- Biofuel: Farnesene can be converted into farnesane, a potential biofuel.
- Pharmaceuticals: Farnesenes are being investigated for their potential pharmaceutical applications, though more research is needed in this area.
Biosynthesis: Farnesenes are synthesized in plants via the isoprenoid pathway, specifically from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). Enzymes called sesquiterpene synthases catalyze the conversion of FPP into the different farnesene isomers.
Related Compounds: Farnesol is an alcohol derived from farnesene. Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) is a precursor to farnesenes and other sesquiterpenes.