Yangqin
The yangqin (simplified Chinese: 扬琴; traditional Chinese: 揚琴; pinyin: yángqín) is a Chinese hammered dulcimer, derived from the Persian santur. It is traditionally part of the 弹拨乐器 (tánbō yuèqì) - plucked string instruments, and it occupies a significant role in the modern Chinese orchestra.
The instrument typically consists of a trapezoidal soundbox made of wood, across which multiple courses of metal strings are stretched. These strings are struck with two lightweight bamboo beaters (hammers) to produce sound. The yangqin is known for its bright, shimmering tone and wide dynamic range, making it suitable for both melodic and harmonic playing.
History:
The yangqin is believed to have entered China via maritime routes in the late Ming Dynasty (16th-17th centuries), primarily through the port of Guangzhou. Over time, it was adapted to Chinese musical styles and underwent modifications in construction and tuning. It gradually integrated into various regional Chinese musical genres, including folk music, regional opera, and narrative singing.
Construction:
The soundbox is typically made of hardwood, such as rosewood, sandalwood, or mahogany. The number of strings varies depending on the instrument's model, but it generally ranges from 140 to 150 strings, arranged in courses of 4 to 5 strings per course. Bridges are positioned on the soundboard to support the strings and transmit vibrations.
Tuning:
The yangqin's tuning system varies according to regional tradition and musical style. The instrument is typically tuned diatonically, allowing for easy performance of melodies and harmonies within a particular key. Some modern yangqins have been modified to allow for chromatic tuning, increasing their versatility.
Playing Technique:
Yangqin players use a variety of techniques to create different sounds and effects. These techniques include striking the strings with different parts of the beaters, varying the speed and force of the strikes, and using damping techniques to control the duration of the notes.
Uses:
The yangqin is used in a wide variety of musical contexts, including:
- Chinese orchestras: It serves as a melodic and harmonic instrument, providing a rich and complex texture.
- Folk music: It is a popular instrument in many regional Chinese folk music ensembles.
- Regional opera: It is used to accompany singers and provide instrumental interludes.
- Solo performances: The yangqin is also performed as a solo instrument, showcasing its virtuosity and expressiveness.
- Modern compositions: Contemporary composers have written numerous pieces for the yangqin, exploring its potential in new and innovative ways.
Related Instruments:
The yangqin is related to other hammered dulcimers around the world, including the Persian santur, the European cymbalom, and the American hammered dulcimer.