Tenentism

Tenentism was a political movement in Brazil during the 1920s. Emerging from the dissatisfaction of junior military officers (tenentes – lieutenants) with the political and economic conditions of the First Brazilian Republic, it advocated for social reforms, modernization of the state, and greater political participation.

Key aspects of Tenentism:

• Origins: Rooted in discontent within the Brazilian Army, particularly among younger officers who felt excluded from the ruling oligarchy and frustrated by corruption and inefficiency.

• Core Ideologies: Advocated for a strong, centralized government capable of implementing reforms. Key tenets included:

  • Ending the "politics of the governors" (a system of reciprocal support between the federal government and state oligarchies).
  • Electoral reform, including secret ballot and expanded suffrage.
  • Social justice and improved living conditions for the working class.
  • Nationalization of key industries.
  • Emphasis on education and national unity.

• Revolts and Uprisings: Tenentism manifested itself through a series of military revolts and uprisings, most notably:

  • The Levante do Forte de Copacabana (Copacabana Fort Revolt) in 1922.
  • The Revolução Paulista (São Paulo Revolt) in 1924.
  • The Coluna Prestes (Prestes Column), a long march through the Brazilian interior (1924-1927) aimed at spreading Tenentist ideals and provoking uprisings.

• Influence: While the Tenentist revolts were ultimately unsuccessful in overthrowing the government, the movement exerted a significant influence on Brazilian politics. It helped to erode the legitimacy of the First Republic and paved the way for the 1930 Revolution, which brought Getúlio Vargas to power.

• Legacy: Tenentism's legacy is complex. While its emphasis on centralized power and social control can be seen as a precursor to Vargas' authoritarian Estado Novo regime, its calls for social justice and modernization also resonated with subsequent generations of Brazilian reformers and nationalists. The movement's critique of oligarchic rule and its advocacy for a more equitable society continue to be relevant in contemporary Brazilian political discourse.