Tōgaku

Tōgaku (唐楽) is a genre of Japanese gagaku (雅楽, ancient imperial court music) derived from Chinese music of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE). Alongside Komagaku (高麗楽), which originates from Korean music, Tōgaku forms one of the two main branches of gagaku's instrumental repertoire.

Origins and History:

Tōgaku music and accompanying dance forms were introduced to Japan primarily during the Nara period (710-794 CE) and the Heian period (794-1185 CE). These influences came from various regions of Asia that interacted with Tang China, including India, Vietnam, and Central Asia. Initially referred to simply as "foreign music," Tōgaku eventually became distinct from Komagaku. Over time, Tōgaku underwent significant transformations within the Japanese context, diverging from its original Chinese forms.

Musical Characteristics:

Tōgaku generally features a brighter and more elaborate sound compared to Komagaku. The music is often characterized by its pentatonic scales, use of heterophony, and relatively slower tempos. Performances typically involve a larger ensemble than Komagaku. Instruments commonly used in Tōgaku include the hichiriki (double-reed oboe), ryūteki (transverse flute), shō (mouth organ), kakko (small drum), tsuri-daiko (suspended drum), biwa (lute), and sō (zither).

Repertoire and Forms:

The Tōgaku repertoire includes a wide variety of pieces, ranging from purely instrumental compositions to pieces accompanied by dance (bugaku). Some well-known Tōgaku pieces include "Etenraku" (越天楽), "Bairo" (陪臚), and "Karyobin" (迦陵頻). The dance forms associated with Tōgaku are generally more elaborate and visually striking than those of Komagaku, often involving elaborate costumes and masks.

Influence and Legacy:

Tōgaku has had a significant influence on various aspects of Japanese culture, including other forms of music, dance, and theater. Its unique blend of foreign and domestic influences has made it a vital part of Japan's rich artistic heritage. Despite its ancient origins, Tōgaku continues to be performed and studied today, ensuring its preservation for future generations.