Symphony No. 2 (Szymanowski)

Karol Szymanowski's Symphony No. 2 in B-flat major, Op. 19, is a work for orchestra composed between 1909 and 1910. It marks a pivotal point in Szymanowski's development, showcasing a move away from his earlier Romantic style towards a more individual and complex sound world. The symphony is in two movements, reflecting a structural compression characteristic of some early 20th-century works.

The first movement, marked Allegro moderato. Energico, is expansive and highly contrapuntal. It utilizes a complex and dense orchestral texture, incorporating elements of both tonality and chromaticism. The movement can be interpreted as a sonata form, though its structure is far from conventional. Motives and themes are constantly developing and transforming, creating a sense of ongoing evolution.

The second movement, marked Lento. Tranquillo, is a set of variations and fugue. It begins with a serene and lyrical theme, which is then subjected to a series of diverse transformations. The fugue, which forms the climax of the movement, is complex and intricately woven, demonstrating Szymanowski's mastery of counterpoint. The symphony concludes with a quiet and ethereal coda.

Symphony No. 2 is considered a challenging work for both performers and listeners due to its complexity and density. However, it is also regarded as one of Szymanowski's most important and rewarding compositions. The symphony exemplifies the composer's unique blend of late-Romantic and modernist influences, and it anticipates some of the stylistic features of his later works. It has been performed and recorded by many leading orchestras and conductors, solidifying its place in the orchestral repertoire. The symphony often receives contrasting interpretations depending on the conductor's approach to its complex harmonies and rhythmic structures.