Subject (music)

In music, "subject" refers primarily to a recognizable melodic idea, or theme, upon which a composition, or a section of a composition, is based. The term is most commonly associated with fugues, where the subject is a short melody presented in one voice at the beginning of the piece and then imitated by other voices in turn.

Characteristics of a Subject:

• Melodic Distinctiveness: A subject should be easily identifiable and memorable. It typically has a clear melodic contour and rhythmic profile.
• Contrapuntal Potential: In fugues, the subject must be capable of being combined with itself and with other related melodic material (countersubjects) in counterpoint.
• Harmonic Implications: The subject often implies a specific harmonic progression or tonal center, providing a framework for the rest of the composition.
• Brevity: Subjects are usually relatively short, allowing for development and transformation throughout the piece.
• Unity and Coherence: The subject often serves as a unifying element, providing a foundation for the overall structure and character of the work.

Beyond Fugues:

While the term "subject" is most strongly linked to fugues, it can also be applied more broadly to any prominent and recurrent melodic idea in a musical composition, regardless of the specific form. For instance, a recurring theme in a sonata form movement might be referred to as a subject, although in this context the term "theme" is often preferred.

Distinction from Theme:

The terms "subject" and "theme" are often used interchangeably, particularly outside the context of fugues. However, some theorists distinguish between them, with "subject" sometimes implying a greater degree of contrapuntal treatment and development, while "theme" may be a more general term for any melodic idea.