Stumfilm

Stumfilm (German for "silent film") refers to motion pictures with no synchronized recorded sound, especially synchronized dialogue. In stumfilm production, action and emotion were conveyed through visual elements such as acting, mime, intertitles, and cinematography.

The silent film era generally spanned from the late 19th century until the late 1920s, when sound film became widespread. Although described as "silent," these films were rarely shown in complete silence. They were typically accompanied by live music, often improvised or based on cue sheets, played by a pianist, organist, or even a full orchestra. Sound effects were also sometimes created live in the theater.

The absence of spoken dialogue allowed for a universal appeal, as films could be understood across language barriers. This facilitated the international circulation and popularity of silent films. Prominent silent film movements and styles include German Expressionism, Soviet Montage, and French Impressionism. Notable actors of the silent era include Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Lillian Gish, and Greta Garbo.

The development of sound-on-film technology, notably Vitaphone and Movietone, led to the decline of the silent film era and the rise of talking pictures ("talkies"). However, silent films continue to be studied and appreciated for their artistic merit and historical significance.