Sea smoke

Sea smoke, also known as steam fog or evaporation fog, is a localized fog that forms over open water in cold air conditions. It is most commonly observed in polar regions and during winter months in more temperate climates.

Formation:

Sea smoke forms when very cold air passes over relatively warmer water. The warmer water evaporates into the cold air, rapidly increasing the air's humidity. Since the cold air can hold less moisture than warmer air, the water vapor quickly saturates the air and condenses, forming a fog. This fog appears as rising wisps or streamers, giving it a smokelike appearance. The temperature difference between the water and the air needs to be significant for sea smoke to form, typically at least 9°C (16°F).

Characteristics:

• Appearance: Sea smoke is typically thin and patchy, with a wispy or streaky appearance. It often rises vertically from the water's surface.

• Height: The height of sea smoke is usually low, generally extending only a few meters above the water surface.

• Stability: Sea smoke is often unstable and can change rapidly due to variations in wind and temperature.

• Visibility: Sea smoke can significantly reduce visibility, posing a hazard to navigation, especially for small boats.

Occurrence:

Sea smoke is most common in:

• Polar regions: Where extremely cold air often flows over open water or leads between ice floes.

• Coastal areas: During winter when cold air masses move over warmer coastal waters.

• Lakes and rivers: Similar to coastal areas, sea smoke can form over lakes and rivers when cold air passes over relatively warmer water.

• Industrial areas: Sea smoke can also form near industrial discharge points where warm water is released into cooler air. This is sometimes called "industrial fog."