Sandokai

The Sandokai (參同契; Japanese: Sandōkai; Korean: Chamdonggye; Vietnamese: Tham Đồng Khế) is a significant poem in Zen Buddhism attributed to the Chinese Chan master Shitou Xiqian (石頭希遷; 700-790). Its title is often translated as "Harmonizing Difference and Sameness" or "Identity of Relative and Absolute."

The Sandokai explores the relationship between the relative (phenomenal world of distinctions) and the absolute (undifferentiated reality). It uses evocative language and metaphors to describe the interconnectedness of all things and the non-dual nature of reality. The poem emphasizes that difference and sameness are not mutually exclusive but rather two sides of the same coin. It suggests that true understanding lies in recognizing the inherent unity within diversity.

The poem's structure consists of a series of short verses, often presented in a question-and-answer format. This style is intended to prompt reflection and insight in the reader or listener.

The Sandokai has been widely studied and commented upon by Zen masters throughout history and remains a central text in Zen practice and philosophy. It is often chanted during Zen meditation and used as a basis for koans (Zen riddles). Its influence can be seen in subsequent Zen teachings, particularly in the development of the Soto school's emphasis on shikantaza (just sitting). The text serves as a potent expression of the core Mahayana Buddhist principles of emptiness (sunyata), dependent origination, and non-duality.