Pushback (aviation)

In aviation, pushback is a ground operation involving a specialized vehicle, often called a pushback tractor or tug, to move an aircraft backwards away from an airport gate or parking stand. This is typically required before the aircraft can commence taxiing under its own power to the runway for departure.

Due to the configuration of airport gates and the limited maneuverability of large aircraft on the ground, it's generally safer and more efficient to use a pushback tractor rather than relying solely on the aircraft's engines and nose wheel steering to navigate the confined space.

The pushback operation begins with communication between the flight crew, ground crew (including the pushback operator), and air traffic control (ATC). Once clearance is received, the pushback tractor is connected to the aircraft's nose landing gear, usually via a towbar. In some cases, towbarless tractors are used, which lift and cradle the nose wheel.

The pushback tractor then pushes the aircraft backwards along a pre-determined path, guided by the pushback operator who maintains visual contact with the aircraft and communicates with the flight crew. During the pushback, the flight crew may start the aircraft's engines according to established procedures.

Once the aircraft is clear of the gate area and positioned on a taxiway, the pushback tractor is disconnected, and the aircraft can begin taxiing independently. The pushback operation is a critical part of the pre-flight process, ensuring the safe and efficient movement of aircraft within the airport environment.