Old Guard (France)

The Old Guard (French: Vieille Garde) was the elite veteran infantry unit of Napoleon Bonaparte's Imperial Guard. Formed in 1804, it comprised the most experienced and decorated soldiers of Napoleon's Grande Armée. To be eligible for the Old Guard, soldiers typically needed to have served in multiple campaigns, often including those in Italy and Egypt, and possess an exemplary record of bravery and loyalty.

The Old Guard was not only a fighting force, but also a symbol of Napoleon's power and prestige. They were often held in reserve during battles, only committed to the most critical moments to deliver a decisive blow or stabilize a precarious situation. Their presence on the battlefield was known to inspire the rest of the army and demoralize the enemy.

The Old Guard was divided into several distinct units, including:

• Grenadiers à Pied: The senior unit, composed of the tallest and most imposing grenadiers.
• Chasseurs à Pied: Another elite infantry unit, distinguished from the Grenadiers by their slightly lighter equipment and different uniform.
• Grenadiers à Cheval: The mounted grenadier unit, providing heavy cavalry support.
• Chasseurs à Cheval: The mounted chasseur unit, serving as light cavalry and scouts.

Over time, the Old Guard was expanded to include additional units and a "Middle Guard" (Moyenne Garde) and "Young Guard" (Jeune Garde) were created. However, the original Old Guard retained its unique status and reputation for unmatched combat prowess.

The Old Guard suffered heavy losses in several key battles, including the Battle of Eylau, the Battle of Borodino, and, most famously, the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. At Waterloo, the Old Guard made a legendary, though ultimately unsuccessful, last stand, refusing to surrender even in the face of overwhelming odds. This event cemented their place in military history as the epitome of courage and devotion to their Emperor.

The phrase "La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!" (The Guard dies, it does not surrender!) is often attributed to General Pierre Cambronne at Waterloo. However, the historical accuracy of this quote is debated, and it is more likely that the phrase was a later invention. Regardless of its origin, the sentiment embodies the spirit of the Old Guard and their unwavering commitment to Napoleon. After Napoleon's final defeat, the Old Guard was disbanded. They remain a symbol of French military excellence and unwavering loyalty.