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Nadītu

The Nadītu (plural: Nadītum) were a class of women in ancient Babylonia during the Old Babylonian period (roughly 1894-1595 BCE). They were associated with specific deities, particularly Šamaš (the sun god) at Sippar, and played a significant role in the economic and social life of their communities.

The Nadītu were generally unmarried women from elite families, often daughters of high-ranking officials or wealthy merchants. They entered into a cloistered life, residing in a gagûm (a cloister or convent-like dwelling). While sometimes described as "priestesses," their activities were largely economic and administrative rather than strictly religious.

Key characteristics and roles of the Nadītu included:

  • Economic Activities: Nadītu managed their own personal wealth, which could include land, slaves, and other possessions. They engaged in business transactions, lending money, trading goods, and managing agricultural properties. Their economic independence was a defining feature of their status.

  • Legal Rights: Nadītu possessed legal rights, allowing them to own property, enter into contracts, and represent themselves in court. Legal documents, such as contracts and wills, frequently mention Nadītu women and their financial dealings.

  • Absence of Marriage and Childbearing: The Nadītu generally did not marry or have children, though this was not a strict requirement in all instances, and evidence suggests there were exceptions. This celibate status contributed to their unique social position and the control they exercised over their assets.

  • Education and Literacy: Many Nadītu were literate and educated, enabling them to manage their affairs and participate in record-keeping. Their literacy is evident in the cuneiform tablets that document their business transactions and other activities.

  • Social Status and Influence: Due to their wealth, legal rights, and connections to prominent families, the Nadītu held significant social influence within their communities. They were respected figures who contributed to the economic stability of Babylonia.

The institution of the Nadītu faded away after the Old Babylonian period. The reasons for their decline are not fully understood, but likely relate to changes in social structures, economic practices, and religious beliefs. The study of the Nadītu provides valuable insights into the role of women in ancient Mesopotamian society and their participation in the economy and legal system.