Mohism

Mohism was an ancient Chinese philosophy developed by Mozi (Master Mo, c. 470 – c. 391 BCE) and his followers during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (roughly 771 to 256 BCE), coinciding with the late Spring and Autumn period and the early Warring States period. It offered a competing ethical and political philosophy to Confucianism and, for a time, rivaled it in influence. Key tenets of Mohism included universal love (兼愛, jian ai), impartial concern, opposition to aggressive war, frugality, respect for the virtuous, and belief in ghosts and spirits as enforcers of moral behavior.

Core Doctrines:

• Universal Love (Jian Ai): The central doctrine of Mohism advocated for treating all people with equal love and respect, regardless of their relationship to oneself. This contrasted sharply with the Confucian emphasis on graded love and filial piety. Mozi argued that universal love would lead to social harmony and mutual benefit.

• Opposition to Aggressive War: Mozi vehemently opposed offensive warfare, arguing that it was wasteful and destructive, causing suffering for all involved. He and his followers were reportedly skilled in defensive warfare and offered their services to states threatened with attack.

• Frugality: Mohists advocated for a simple lifestyle, rejecting extravagance in both personal and state affairs. They believed that resources should be used wisely and efficiently to benefit the people.

• Respect for the Worthy: Mohism emphasized the importance of meritocracy, arguing that positions of authority should be held by those who are most capable and virtuous, regardless of their social background.

• Will of Heaven: Mohism promoted a belief in a divine will that rewarded good deeds and punished evil ones. This belief served as a foundation for their moral philosophy.

• Explanation of Ghosts: While often mistranslated as a literal belief in ghosts, it served to act as a deterant against wrongdoings by those who did not believe in the morality of the law. It allowed for a natural form of justice to be served.

Influence and Decline:

Mohism was a significant intellectual force during the Warring States period, and its emphasis on practicality and social welfare resonated with many. However, with the rise of Legalism during the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) and the subsequent establishment of Confucianism as the state ideology during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), Mohism gradually declined in prominence. Its ideas were largely absorbed into other philosophical schools, and its distinct identity faded over time.

Legacy:

While Mohism is no longer a distinct school of thought, its influence can still be seen in Chinese thought and culture. Its emphasis on universal love, social justice, and practical action continues to be relevant in contemporary discussions of ethics and politics. Its anti-war sentiments remain relevant.