Maurice (emperor)

Maurice, Flavius Mauricius Tiberius (c. 539 – 27 November 602), was Byzantine Emperor from 582 to 602. He was a successful general who distinguished himself during the reign of Emperor Tiberius II Constantine.

Born in Arabissus in Cappadocia, Maurice began his military career as a protector (member of the imperial guard). His military prowess led to rapid advancement, and he played a crucial role in the Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572–591. He served as magister militum per Orientem and successfully led Byzantine forces to several victories against the Persians.

In 582, Tiberius II, on his deathbed, named Maurice as his successor and betrothed him to his daughter, Constantina. Upon Tiberius's death, Maurice ascended the throne.

As emperor, Maurice focused on reorganizing the Byzantine army and strengthening its defenses, particularly along the Balkan frontier, where he faced constant Avar and Slavic incursions. He implemented administrative reforms, including the creation of the Exarchates of Ravenna and Africa, which gave the Byzantine Empire greater administrative control over its territories in Italy and North Africa.

Maurice's reign was marked by continued warfare, primarily against the Avars and Slavs in the Balkans, and against the Persians in the East. He successfully concluded the Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591 by supporting the claim of Khosrau II to the Persian throne. In return, Khosrau ceded large territories in Mesopotamia and Armenia to the Byzantine Empire, significantly expanding its eastern borders.

Despite his military successes and administrative reforms, Maurice's reign was ultimately ended by a military revolt. His cost-cutting measures and unpopular decisions, particularly regarding the treatment of troops, fueled discontent within the army. In 602, the army, led by Phocas, rebelled. Maurice and his family were captured and brutally executed. Phocas then seized the throne, initiating a period of internal turmoil within the Byzantine Empire.

Maurice's Strategikon, a military manual attributed to him, provides valuable insights into Byzantine military organization, tactics, and strategy during the late 6th century. It is considered a seminal work in military history. His legacy is complex, marked by both military triumphs and the unpopular policies that ultimately led to his downfall.