In Verrem

In Verrem (Latin for "Against Verres") refers to a series of speeches delivered by Marcus Tullius Cicero in 70 BC against Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily, who was accused of extortion, corruption, and other crimes during his three-year tenure (73-71 BC). These speeches constitute a significant body of Cicero's work and are crucial for understanding Roman law, politics, and provincial administration during the late Republic.

The In Verrem is divided into two parts. The first part, the Actio Prima (First Speech), was actually delivered. Faced with the overwhelming evidence presented by Cicero, Verres opted to go into voluntary exile before the trial could proceed to its conclusion, thereby avoiding a formal conviction and potentially harsher penalties.

The second part, the Actio Secunda (Second Speech), comprises five books, also known as the Verrine Orations. These orations were never delivered in court. They were written and published by Cicero after Verres fled, essentially presenting the case he would have made had the trial continued. These books detail the specific charges against Verres, covering his injustices and malfeasance during his administration of Sicily:

• Book 1: Provides a general overview of Verres' governorship and outlines the scope of Cicero's accusations.
• Book 2: Deals with Verres' theft of public and private property.
• Book 3: Focuses on Verres' judicial abuses and perversion of justice.
• Book 4: Details Verres' mistreatment of temples and religious objects, including the theft of valuable artworks.
• Book 5: Accuses Verres of corruption and abuse of power in military matters and naval administration.

The In Verrem is considered a masterpiece of Roman oratory and provides valuable insights into the corruption and abuses prevalent within the Roman provincial administration. It cemented Cicero's reputation as a powerful orator and advocate, launching his political career. The speeches also offer a detailed picture of Sicilian life and culture during the 1st century BC.

The significance of the In Verrem lies not only in its literary and rhetorical value but also in its historical importance. It serves as a primary source for understanding the complexities of Roman governance, the challenges of maintaining order in the provinces, and the ethical dilemmas faced by Roman officials. The case against Verres is a prime example of the corruption that ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Republic.