Hwawon

Hwawon (화원, Hanja: 畫員) refers to a painter in the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) of Korea who was employed by the Dohwaseo (도화서, Hanja: 圖畫署), the royal painting academy. The Dohwaseo was the governmental office responsible for producing paintings needed by the royal court, including portraits of the king and other members of the royal family, records of important events, maps, and decorative paintings for the palace.

Hwawon were not simply artisans; they were civil servants within the Joseon bureaucracy and held specific ranks. Becoming a Hwawon was a difficult process, requiring years of training and the passing of rigorous examinations. These examinations tested not only artistic skill but also knowledge of history, literature, and Confucian principles.

The subjects painted by Hwawon reflected the needs and values of the Joseon court. Portraits (Eojin) of kings were of utmost importance, as they were seen as embodying the king's spirit and authority. Paintings commemorating royal events, such as banquets and processions, served as historical records and propaganda. Landscape paintings (sansuhwa) were also popular, reflecting the Neo-Confucian ideals of harmony with nature.

Notable Hwawon include figures like Kim Hong-do (Danwon), Shin Yun-bok (Hyewon), and Jang Seung-eop (Owond, also known as Jang Seung-up), who are now celebrated as masters of Korean painting. Their works provide valuable insights into the culture, society, and aesthetics of the Joseon Dynasty. The system of the Dohwaseo and its Hwawon played a crucial role in shaping the artistic landscape of the Joseon period and preserving its visual heritage.