Gromukha

A Gromukha is a type of freshwater goby (family Gobiidae) found primarily in the basins of the rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea, including the Volga, Ural, Terek, and Kura rivers. It is also found in the Caspian Sea itself, inhabiting brackish and fresh waters. The scientific name is Ponticola kessleri.

Gromukhas are small fish, typically reaching lengths of up to 20 centimeters. They are characterized by their elongated bodies, relatively large heads, and distinctive sensory canals on their heads. They are bottom-dwelling fish, often found in areas with sandy or silty substrates.

The diet of the Gromukha consists mainly of benthic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, mollusks, and insect larvae. They are opportunistic feeders, consuming whatever prey is readily available.

Spawning occurs in the spring. Females lay adhesive eggs on hard substrates, such as rocks or shells, and the males guard the nests until the eggs hatch.

Gromukhas are of minor commercial importance, although they may be caught incidentally in fisheries targeting other species. Their populations can be affected by habitat degradation, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. Conservation efforts may be needed to ensure the long-term survival of Gromukha populations in some areas.