Constitutional institutions (Italy)

The constitutional institutions of Italy comprise the bodies established and defined by the Italian Constitution to exercise the fundamental powers of the state and guarantee its democratic functioning. These institutions are primarily:

• The President of the Republic ( Presidente della Repubblica): The Head of State, elected by Parliament in joint session along with regional delegates. The President represents national unity, ensures compliance with the Constitution, and can dissolve Parliament under specific circumstances. The President also promulgates laws, appoints the Prime Minister, and presides over the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (Superior Council of the Judiciary).

• The Parliament ( Parlamento): Italy has a bicameral parliament consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) and the Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica). Both chambers are elected by universal suffrage (though senators are elected on a regional basis, with some life senators). Parliament exercises legislative power, approves the budget, and can grant or withdraw confidence in the government.

• The Government ( Governo): Headed by the Prime Minister (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), the Government exercises executive power. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic, usually after consultations with political parties. The Government is responsible for determining and implementing the state's general policy and directing the public administration.

• The Constitutional Court ( Corte Costituzionale): Ensures the conformity of laws and acts having the force of law with the Constitution. It also adjudicates disputes between the State and the Regions, and between Regions. Furthermore, it rules on the admissibility of referendums and can impeach the President of the Republic.

• The Judiciary ( Magistratura): Composed of judges and prosecutors, the Judiciary is an independent branch of government. It is tasked with administering justice. The Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (Superior Council of the Judiciary) ensures the independence and self-governance of the judicial branch.

These institutions are interdependent and their powers are carefully balanced to ensure a system of checks and balances, crucial to the functioning of a democratic republic. Their roles, powers, and responsibilities are outlined and constrained by the Italian Constitution.