Clomifene

Clomifene, also known as clomiphene citrate, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) primarily used to induce ovulation in women who wish to become pregnant. It works by binding to estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus, blocking the negative feedback effects of estrogen on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. This leads to an increase in the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates the development and maturation of ovarian follicles.

Clomifene is commonly prescribed to treat infertility caused by ovulatory dysfunction, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is typically administered orally for a short period, usually five days, during the early part of the menstrual cycle.

Besides its primary use in treating female infertility, clomifene is also sometimes used off-label in men to treat hypogonadism and improve sperm count. In these cases, it aims to increase testosterone levels by a similar mechanism of action, stimulating the pituitary gland to release LH, which then prompts the testes to produce more testosterone.

Common side effects of clomifene can include hot flashes, mood swings, abdominal bloating, nausea, and visual disturbances. A more serious potential side effect is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), although this is relatively rare. The risk of multiple pregnancies, such as twins, is also increased with clomifene use.

Clomifene is generally considered a first-line treatment for infertility related to ovulatory problems. However, its use should be monitored by a healthcare professional due to the potential for side effects and the need for careful cycle management. It is available as a generic medication under various brand names.