Ceratina

Ceratina is a genus of small carpenter bees belonging to the family Apidae. These bees are found globally, with a diverse range of species in various habitats. They are commonly called small carpenter bees due to their nesting habits; they excavate small nests in pithy stems, twigs, or dead wood, unlike the larger carpenter bees ( Xylocopa species) which bore into solid wood.

Characteristics:

• Size: Ceratina bees are typically small, ranging in size from approximately 3 to 8 millimeters.
• Appearance: They often have a metallic sheen, varying in color from blue, green, or black. They are generally less hairy than many other bee species.
• Nesting: As mentioned, they are known for nesting in pre-existing cavities or excavating their own nests in pithy stems (e.g., sumac, elderberry), twigs, or dead wood. They provision their nests with pollen and nectar for their larvae.
• Sociality: While most Ceratina species are solitary, some exhibit varying degrees of social behavior, ranging from communal nesting to subsociality, where the mother bee cares for her offspring.

Ecological Importance:

• Ceratina bees are important pollinators of various plants, contributing to ecosystem health. They visit a wide range of flowers for nectar and pollen, playing a role in the reproductive success of many plant species.
• They also serve as a food source for various predators, contributing to the food web.

Taxonomy:

• Ceratina is a relatively large genus within the family Apidae, containing many species. The classification and relationships within the genus have been subject to revision over time.
• Distinguishing between species can be challenging due to subtle morphological differences.

Distribution:

• Ceratina bees are found worldwide, inhabiting diverse environments, including temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions. Their adaptability allows them to thrive in various ecosystems.