Cassiani

Cassiani (c. 805 – before 865) was a Byzantine abbess, hymnographer, and composer. She is considered one of the first known female composers in Western music history, and one of the few women from the Byzantine era whose works have survived to the present day.

Born in Constantinople to a wealthy and aristocratic family, Cassiani (whose original name is unknown) was renowned for her beauty and intellect. According to tradition, she was considered as a potential bride for the Emperor Theophilos, who, during a bride-show, asked her if woman's wickedness had been the cause of all evil. Cassiani retorted that much good had also come through women, referencing the Virgin Mary. This sharp response supposedly displeased Theophilos, who chose Theodora as his wife instead.

After this incident, Cassiani founded a convent in Constantinople, becoming its first abbess. She devoted her life to prayer, writing, and composing. While the exact number is debated, around 50 hymns are attributed to her, 23 of which are liturgically used. Her most famous composition is the "Hymn of Kassiani" (also known as the "Hymn of the Fallen Woman"), which is sung during Holy Week, specifically on Great and Holy Tuesday evening. It is a dramatic and deeply personal hymn, expressing repentance and longing for redemption.

Cassiani's works are characterized by their emotional depth, theological insight, and masterful use of language. Her hymns are notable for their poetic beauty and their ability to convey complex spiritual ideas in a compelling and accessible manner. She is revered as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with her feast day celebrated on September 7th. Her legacy continues to inspire musicians, theologians, and feminists alike.