Baojuan

Baojuan (寶卷) refers to a type of Chinese popular scripture that flourished from the late Yuan dynasty through the Qing dynasty, particularly popular during the Ming and Qing periods. Baojuan literally translates to "precious scrolls" or "valuable scrolls." These narratives, typically written in vernacular Chinese with rhythmic prose and song-like verses, recounted the stories of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, folk deities, moral exemplars, and the karmic consequences of actions.

Baojuan were primarily used for didactic purposes, aiming to educate audiences, many of whom were illiterate or semi-literate, about Buddhist and Daoist teachings, moral principles, and social values. They were often recited or sung during religious gatherings, festivals, and even in domestic settings. The performative aspect of baojuan was crucial, as it facilitated audience engagement and memorization.

Baojuan texts are diverse in their content and theological leanings, often reflecting a syncretic blend of Buddhism, Daoism, and local beliefs. While some baojuan were closely associated with specific Buddhist or Daoist sects, others were more independent and catered to a broader popular audience. They often contain apocalyptic themes, millenarian beliefs, and emphasize the importance of personal salvation through faith and virtuous conduct.

The authors of baojuan are often unknown, but evidence suggests that they were frequently written by lay practitioners, members of local religious societies, and even by ordained monks and nuns. The printing and distribution of baojuan was often organized by these same groups, contributing to their widespread circulation.

Studying baojuan provides valuable insights into the religious landscape of late imperial China, offering a window into the beliefs, practices, and social concerns of ordinary people. The texts also shed light on the dynamics of religious syncretism, the role of oral tradition in religious transmission, and the ways in which religious narratives shaped popular culture. They are an important resource for understanding Chinese religious history and popular literature.