Atmoda

Atmoda (Latvian for "Awakening" or "Reawakening") refers to a period of national revival movements in Latvia, particularly during the late 1980s, leading to the restoration of Latvian independence from the Soviet Union in 1990/1991. The term encompasses a range of cultural, social, and political activities aimed at promoting Latvian language, culture, and national identity.

More specifically, the term "Atmoda" is often used to describe:

• The Third Awakening (Trešā Atmoda): The most prominent use of the term, specifically referring to the independence movement of the late 1980s and early 1990s. This period saw the rise of popular fronts advocating for greater autonomy and eventually full independence. Key events included mass demonstrations, such as the Baltic Way, and the gradual erosion of Soviet power in Latvia.

• Previous National Awakenings: Historically, "Atmoda" can also refer to earlier periods of national awakening in Latvia, notably the First Awakening (1850s-1880s) and the Second Awakening (early 20th century). These earlier periods focused on developing Latvian language and literature, fostering national consciousness, and challenging German dominance in the region. While distinct from the Third Awakening, they are considered precursors and part of a larger historical trajectory of Latvian national self-determination.

The "Atmoda" period was characterized by a surge in national pride, cultural expression, and political activism. It involved a broad spectrum of society, including intellectuals, artists, students, and ordinary citizens, all united in their desire for a sovereign and independent Latvia. The legacy of the Atmoda continues to shape Latvian national identity and political discourse.